Saturday, August 14, 2010
Vietnam: Blue ear pig disease virus origin China
14/08/2010 13:42:02
According to the results of the analysis tube blue ear pig disease from the Animal Health Agency Region VII, all samples of Vietnam are heading across the country are highly pathogenic PRRS virus in China in 2006.
Mr. Cao Duc Phat, Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development said: "Currently, changes in PRRS in the southern provinces complex. PRRS has spread at large. "
According to survey results, this outbreak could start on 06/11/2010 at Soc Trang. Later in the Tien Giang translation appears on 19 / 6, Binh Duong on 27 / 6, Long An Province on 15 / 7, Lao Cai 11 / 7 and Quang Tri seventh. Cause outbreaks in localities have not been clearly defined.
Viruses have circulated widely in pigs, associated with abnormal weather conditions, high humidity makes the health of the herd is reduced, creating conditions for emergence of pathogens.
Analysis type pathogenic virus samples sent to South Korea have decoded the gene sequencing of 12 samples. According to the Animal Health Agency Region VI and 8 samples from Region VII Animal Health Office showed that all samples of Vietnam are heading across the country are highly pathogenic PRRS virus in China in 2006.
Compared with samples from PRRS 2007 - 2010, can be seen on all the samples are highly homologous and lie in the same group, the sample of Veterinary Services Branch are located in Region VI in 2010 PRRS. Samples of Veterinary two branches located in Region VII.
One branch in 2010 as the PRRS outbreak in the country and a branch like PRRS virus in 2007. The PRRS virus in 2010 seed samples O9 - SX 2009 - China's China in 2009, showed that this virus can penetrate into Vietnam in recent time. The PRRS virus samples from the bodies of the Region VII Animal Health Branch 2007, indicating the presence of PRRS virus from the previous outbreak.
Vietnam: No vaccine for blue ear pig disease prevention
Previously reported here
08/14/2010
Blue ear pig outbreaks in southern
China will support Vietnam 200,000 doses of blue ear pig vaccine. However, so far no vaccine that provides high efficiency.
No vaccine for blue ear pig disease prevention
On 13 / 8, in meeting urgent prevention and control diseases in pigs in southern Vietnam, Mr Hoang Van Nam, Director of Animal Health authorities warn Blue ear pig growing and complex outbreaks in the provinces of the south. Able South region will continue to appear as a set of new blue ear pig. So far no vaccine is highly effective in the prevention of blue ear pig disease.
Mr. Nguyen Tung, Deputy Director of Animal Health Diagnostic Center, said the central blue ear pig disease virus this year is identical strain of blue ear pig in 2007. Mr Tung said, coming, China will support Vietnam 200,000 doses of blue ear pig vaccine. However, so far no blue ear pig vaccine which provides high efficiency. Evidence that many pigs have been vaccinated but still infected.
At the conference, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development announced a new decoding genetic information swine blue ear virus in the South. Accordingly, this is a highly pathogenic virus strains similar to the group viruses have caused disease outbreaks in the North earlier this year....
Minister Cao Duc Phat direction: the virulence of the virus is now much higher than the previous year should be prevention and control at the local level should be much more drastic.
08/14/2010
Blue ear pig outbreaks in southern
China will support Vietnam 200,000 doses of blue ear pig vaccine. However, so far no vaccine that provides high efficiency.
No vaccine for blue ear pig disease prevention
On 13 / 8, in meeting urgent prevention and control diseases in pigs in southern Vietnam, Mr Hoang Van Nam, Director of Animal Health authorities warn Blue ear pig growing and complex outbreaks in the provinces of the south. Able South region will continue to appear as a set of new blue ear pig. So far no vaccine is highly effective in the prevention of blue ear pig disease.
Mr. Nguyen Tung, Deputy Director of Animal Health Diagnostic Center, said the central blue ear pig disease virus this year is identical strain of blue ear pig in 2007. Mr Tung said, coming, China will support Vietnam 200,000 doses of blue ear pig vaccine. However, so far no blue ear pig vaccine which provides high efficiency. Evidence that many pigs have been vaccinated but still infected.
Vietnam: Continue matched patients infected with swine streptococcus
02/08/2010
* Cholera appeared in 15 local
TT - Talking with Tuoi Tre, Nguyen Trung level doctor (Tropical Disease Hospital Central) said the remains appeared scattered meningitis patients infected by the bacteria streptococcus swine (pig) in the hospital.
According to Grant, this year separate from scientific treatment of positive (Tropical Disease Hospital Central) receives about 20 patients of meningitis, hemorrhagic shock due to skin or streptococcus bacteria. Of these, one patient in Soc Son (Hanoi), leg amputations due to the extensive hemorrhage, necrosis almost all of their toes. Even wound necrosis occurs in patients in both regions.
-snip-
7-2010 * Monthly reports of the Health Ministry said last month 105 patients was positive for cholera, bringing the total number of cholera patients from early 2010 to 196 people in 15 provinces.
According to Health Ministry, about a week ago returned to the North does not appear to add new patients, but in Ben Cau district hospital and Go Dau (Tay Ninh) has an additional three patients described the treatment to Cambodia. Health Ministry warned people not to use absolute ice of unknown origin, without using water canal infections washing, bathing and washing, cooking ...
* Cholera appeared in 15 local
TT - Talking with Tuoi Tre, Nguyen Trung level doctor (Tropical Disease Hospital Central) said the remains appeared scattered meningitis patients infected by the bacteria streptococcus swine (pig) in the hospital.
According to Grant, this year separate from scientific treatment of positive (Tropical Disease Hospital Central) receives about 20 patients of meningitis, hemorrhagic shock due to skin or streptococcus bacteria. Of these, one patient in Soc Son (Hanoi), leg amputations due to the extensive hemorrhage, necrosis almost all of their toes. Even wound necrosis occurs in patients in both regions.
-snip-
7-2010 * Monthly reports of the Health Ministry said last month 105 patients was positive for cholera, bringing the total number of cholera patients from early 2010 to 196 people in 15 provinces.
According to Health Ministry, about a week ago returned to the North does not appear to add new patients, but in Ben Cau district hospital and Go Dau (Tay Ninh) has an additional three patients described the treatment to Cambodia. Health Ministry warned people not to use absolute ice of unknown origin, without using water canal infections washing, bathing and washing, cooking ...
Vietnam: Ag. Min.: Blue Ear Strain Is More Virulent Than Last Year
13/08/2010
Excerpt:
Risk of new outbreaks in South
At the conference, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development announced a new decoding genetic information swine blue ear virus in the South. Accordingly, this is a highly pathogenic virus strains similar to the group viruses have caused disease outbreaks in the North earlier this year. The forecast appears a possibility of new outbreaks in South Vietnam is great.
Representatives of Hau Giang province, said the newly discovered blue ear pig disease in two districts but with the speed of spread as the days passed, only a few days to be of Hau Giang province.
According to Hoang Van Nam, current happenings in the blue ear pig southern provinces complex. In Soc Trang, Tien Giang, Dak Lak appeared in a large scale. Other provinces such as Long An, Binh Duong has also translated. The risk of epidemic continues to spread in the province and appeared in four other provinces in the same area is very high.
More serious, according to Nguyen Xuan Binh - Director of Veterinary Agency Region VI, for blue ear pig virus vaccination, the vaccine is not effective as desired, also good at reducing the number of pigs die than not prevent infected pork. Therefore, the most important is the implementation of biosecurity measures at farms.
Minister Cao Duc Phat direction: the virulence of the virus is now much higher than the previous year should be prevention and control at the local level should be much more drastic.
Excerpt:
Risk of new outbreaks in South
At the conference, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development announced a new decoding genetic information swine blue ear virus in the South. Accordingly, this is a highly pathogenic virus strains similar to the group viruses have caused disease outbreaks in the North earlier this year. The forecast appears a possibility of new outbreaks in South Vietnam is great.
Representatives of Hau Giang province, said the newly discovered blue ear pig disease in two districts but with the speed of spread as the days passed, only a few days to be of Hau Giang province.
According to Hoang Van Nam, current happenings in the blue ear pig southern provinces complex. In Soc Trang, Tien Giang, Dak Lak appeared in a large scale. Other provinces such as Long An, Binh Duong has also translated. The risk of epidemic continues to spread in the province and appeared in four other provinces in the same area is very high.
More serious, according to Nguyen Xuan Binh - Director of Veterinary Agency Region VI, for blue ear pig virus vaccination, the vaccine is not effective as desired, also good at reducing the number of pigs die than not prevent infected pork. Therefore, the most important is the implementation of biosecurity measures at farms.
Minister Cao Duc Phat direction: the virulence of the virus is now much higher than the previous year should be prevention and control at the local level should be much more drastic.
Vietnam: Blue Ear Update
08/14/2010
Excerpt:
Meanwhile, at the meeting the Steering Committee of national prevention of avian influenza and diseases on cattle (MARD), Mr. Hoang Van Nam, Acting Director of Animal Health (MARD) said the changes Blue ear pig in the provinces of South and Central complex, in the provinces of Soc Trang, Tien Giang, Long An and Dak Lak PRRS had occurred on a large scale and changes are bad.
Caused by the delayed detection, support policies consistent disease not caused many farmers have tried selling sick pigs, even more dangerous due to the nature of the epidemic, combined with favorable weather conditions for virus survival and spread
... Also at this meeting, representatives of Department of Livestock said before, when the epidemic occurred in the north have the same status, the meat is transported to the South, so the current epidemic is complicated at South should strengthen guidance not to happen the animals and meat in the South against the North running back during the service.
Statistics of the Department of Animal Health (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development), to this point the country had 238 communes, 34 districts of 17 provinces had disease swine blue ear not over 21 days with 50,000 pigs infected and were destruction, mainly in southern and some central provinces. Lam Dong province was added to the latest map blue ear disease epidemiology.
MARD has also requested the Department of veterinary local organization of inspection and supervision of disease across geographical areas, and review vaccination vaccine for pigs must be at least 80%, as well as establishing the temporary checkpoints on main traffic.
Excerpt:
Meanwhile, at the meeting the Steering Committee of national prevention of avian influenza and diseases on cattle (MARD), Mr. Hoang Van Nam, Acting Director of Animal Health (MARD) said the changes Blue ear pig in the provinces of South and Central complex, in the provinces of Soc Trang, Tien Giang, Long An and Dak Lak PRRS had occurred on a large scale and changes are bad.
Caused by the delayed detection, support policies consistent disease not caused many farmers have tried selling sick pigs, even more dangerous due to the nature of the epidemic, combined with favorable weather conditions for virus survival and spread
... Also at this meeting, representatives of Department of Livestock said before, when the epidemic occurred in the north have the same status, the meat is transported to the South, so the current epidemic is complicated at South should strengthen guidance not to happen the animals and meat in the South against the North running back during the service.
Statistics of the Department of Animal Health (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development), to this point the country had 238 communes, 34 districts of 17 provinces had disease swine blue ear not over 21 days with 50,000 pigs infected and were destruction, mainly in southern and some central provinces. Lam Dong province was added to the latest map blue ear disease epidemiology.
MARD has also requested the Department of veterinary local organization of inspection and supervision of disease across geographical areas, and review vaccination vaccine for pigs must be at least 80%, as well as establishing the temporary checkpoints on main traffic.
Vietnam: Resistance to Antibiotics
13/08/2010
About the world health experts recently gave warning about a "virus" is resistant to all antibiotics, spread path of travel and treatment and risk spreading wide on a global scale.
Group "virus," said New Delhi contain enzymes Metallo-beta-lactamase ( NDM-1 ), this enzyme was altered bacteria, make the bacteria resistant to most antibiotics, including carbapenems - the most powerful group of antibiotics, often used in emergencies and cases of severe infections caused by MDR bacteria other causes.
Intermediate Doctor Nguyen, Deputy Head of Emergencies, active treatment, Tropical Disease Hospital Central, on 12 / 8, said the general characteristics of bacteria can be transmitted through exchange of strong, continued exposure to risk type "virus" is spreading to the world, into Vietnam is huge.
Dr. Nguyen Trung level, although this virus has not recorded entering Vietnam but currently, we have noted several similar viruses, is resistant to all antibiotics . The most common Gram-negative bacteria is the gastrointestinal tract.
The bacteria secrete an enzyme referred to as carbapenemase decomposition, reducing the susceptibility of carbapenems antibiotics group. Men have many types, including yeast NDM -1 of bacteria has been discovered in India That is just one of the men there.
In Vietnam, the research does not yet have decoded the genetic sequences of all drug-resistant bacteria to see whether it is an NDM-1 or not, but have found drug-resistant bacteria carry genes similar NDM-1 like bacterial gene IMP, VIM ... They are also resistant carbapenems.
Currently, the infrastructure of health facilities are limited, prevention is cramped, the situation is so common transplant when someone infected with drug-resistant virus, the risk of cross infection in hospitals is very large and difficult to control.
In addition, the abuse of antibiotics, antibiotic use is widespread not follow your doctor's prescription, prescription regimens wrong ... is one of the causes increasing variety of "virus" antibiotic resistance.
To limit the risk of infection in hospitals, patients need to raise awareness in the use of drugs.
These health facilities should perform rigorous technical process against infections that the Ministry of Health has issued. Application of measures to reduce hospital overload. The staff, nurses, doctors in the medical establishment to perform the first wash your hands after visiting patients. /.
About the world health experts recently gave warning about a "virus" is resistant to all antibiotics, spread path of travel and treatment and risk spreading wide on a global scale.
Group "virus," said New Delhi contain enzymes Metallo-beta-lactamase ( NDM-1 ), this enzyme was altered bacteria, make the bacteria resistant to most antibiotics, including carbapenems - the most powerful group of antibiotics, often used in emergencies and cases of severe infections caused by MDR bacteria other causes.
Intermediate Doctor Nguyen, Deputy Head of Emergencies, active treatment, Tropical Disease Hospital Central, on 12 / 8, said the general characteristics of bacteria can be transmitted through exchange of strong, continued exposure to risk type "virus" is spreading to the world, into Vietnam is huge.
Dr. Nguyen Trung level, although this virus has not recorded entering Vietnam but currently, we have noted several similar viruses, is resistant to all antibiotics . The most common Gram-negative bacteria is the gastrointestinal tract.
The bacteria secrete an enzyme referred to as carbapenemase decomposition, reducing the susceptibility of carbapenems antibiotics group. Men have many types, including yeast NDM -1 of bacteria has been discovered in India That is just one of the men there.
In Vietnam, the research does not yet have decoded the genetic sequences of all drug-resistant bacteria to see whether it is an NDM-1 or not, but have found drug-resistant bacteria carry genes similar NDM-1 like bacterial gene IMP, VIM ... They are also resistant carbapenems.
Currently, the infrastructure of health facilities are limited, prevention is cramped, the situation is so common transplant when someone infected with drug-resistant virus, the risk of cross infection in hospitals is very large and difficult to control.
In addition, the abuse of antibiotics, antibiotic use is widespread not follow your doctor's prescription, prescription regimens wrong ... is one of the causes increasing variety of "virus" antibiotic resistance.
To limit the risk of infection in hospitals, patients need to raise awareness in the use of drugs.
These health facilities should perform rigorous technical process against infections that the Ministry of Health has issued. Application of measures to reduce hospital overload. The staff, nurses, doctors in the medical establishment to perform the first wash your hands after visiting patients. /.
China: Zhouqu City Landslide
Saturday, August 14, 2010
BEIJING - China's heavy rain which flushed the recent floods in the west. No fewer than 33 people were killed in the latest disaster that struck the country yesterday Panda (13 / 8). In fact, the evacuation of approximately 1150 deaths due to landslides this week is still not finished.
Rescue team''is still evacuated. But heavy rain that fell last few days quite difficult for them,''the light of Yan Jinxin, Zhouqu County government spokesman, in a telephone interview with Agence France-Presse. Because of torrential rains, muddy roads in the landslide site Zhouqu City, Gansu Province, became slippery and difficult to pass.
According to Yu, one of the Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture officials, survivors of the landslide site from endemic diseases. ''They need medicine,''the official said that just mentioning the name of his family. In addition, many victims need a raincoat and gloves. Because, almost every evening into a special area of Gansu's torrential rains.
Similar to Yu, the provincial health officials began to worry about spread of disease. Weather is not being friendly forcing the survivors survive in limited circumstances. Moreover, accumulating a landslide majority of medical clinics in the province. Including, a large number of vaccines needed in such emergency situations.
China's Health Ministry declared, the risk of spread of communicable diseases pascabanjir and landslides are very high. ''Now, a large number of medical workers and rescue personnel to stay with the survivors in places of refuge. Risk of transmission of respiratory infections and digestive problems from the victim to the volunteers are not inevitable,''one official Kemenkes firm.
In an interview with Xinhua, the unnamed official had admitted it was impossible to disinfect a place of refuge. ''What's worse, the bodies of victims killed and buried in cattle only a shallow grave in the suburbs,''said the official. So far, there are about 800 medical workers are on standby in the area.
Yesterday, several tons of garlic and Sichuan peppercorns were sent to Zhouqu. China believes the community, by taking the two herbs, they will be protected from all diseases. Lucky, clean water supply to the area to normal. Therefore, the government has managed to fix the water pipes that channel water to the settlement residents.
Evacuation efforts in the rain done with the help of explosives and excavators. Because, they have to dismantle the rubble of buildings that clog Bailong River.
In addition to Gansu, Sichuan Province floods hit next. It is unclear the number of casualties in each of the neighboring provinces. But, in addition to at least 33 people killed, floods caused around 32 people missing. In fact, until yesterday, the fate of 588 citizens who disappeared Zhouqu County landslides affected is still unknown. (Hep/c5/dos)
BEIJING - China's heavy rain which flushed the recent floods in the west. No fewer than 33 people were killed in the latest disaster that struck the country yesterday Panda (13 / 8). In fact, the evacuation of approximately 1150 deaths due to landslides this week is still not finished.
Rescue team''is still evacuated. But heavy rain that fell last few days quite difficult for them,''the light of Yan Jinxin, Zhouqu County government spokesman, in a telephone interview with Agence France-Presse. Because of torrential rains, muddy roads in the landslide site Zhouqu City, Gansu Province, became slippery and difficult to pass.
According to Yu, one of the Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture officials, survivors of the landslide site from endemic diseases. ''They need medicine,''the official said that just mentioning the name of his family. In addition, many victims need a raincoat and gloves. Because, almost every evening into a special area of Gansu's torrential rains.
Similar to Yu, the provincial health officials began to worry about spread of disease. Weather is not being friendly forcing the survivors survive in limited circumstances. Moreover, accumulating a landslide majority of medical clinics in the province. Including, a large number of vaccines needed in such emergency situations.
China's Health Ministry declared, the risk of spread of communicable diseases pascabanjir and landslides are very high. ''Now, a large number of medical workers and rescue personnel to stay with the survivors in places of refuge. Risk of transmission of respiratory infections and digestive problems from the victim to the volunteers are not inevitable,''one official Kemenkes firm.
In an interview with Xinhua, the unnamed official had admitted it was impossible to disinfect a place of refuge. ''What's worse, the bodies of victims killed and buried in cattle only a shallow grave in the suburbs,''said the official. So far, there are about 800 medical workers are on standby in the area.
Yesterday, several tons of garlic and Sichuan peppercorns were sent to Zhouqu. China believes the community, by taking the two herbs, they will be protected from all diseases. Lucky, clean water supply to the area to normal. Therefore, the government has managed to fix the water pipes that channel water to the settlement residents.
Evacuation efforts in the rain done with the help of explosives and excavators. Because, they have to dismantle the rubble of buildings that clog Bailong River.
In addition to Gansu, Sichuan Province floods hit next. It is unclear the number of casualties in each of the neighboring provinces. But, in addition to at least 33 people killed, floods caused around 32 people missing. In fact, until yesterday, the fate of 588 citizens who disappeared Zhouqu County landslides affected is still unknown. (Hep/c5/dos)
Flood, Pakistan Independence Celebration Cancel
August 14, 2010
Excerpts:
Pakistan's flood victims now began to gather in refugee camps in Pakistan. Pakistani President, Asif Ali Zardari has instructed that this year there was no official celebration of Independence Day on Saturday, (14 / 8), because the conditions in Pakistan are still far from stable and the country is still trying to cope with devastating floods.
According to the UN, Within 80 years, floods and Pakistan including the largest floods have affected 14 million developing the disease and killing 1600 people. Predicted flooding is still soaring even higher along the river Indus.
Several villages in Thatta District, downstream of cotrimoxazole, have been evacuated. This is a large agricultural zone which has several farms in the country's wealthiest. Not only that, agricultural losses were difficult to calculate.
Aosiasi Agriculture in Pakistan said 17 million hectares of farmland are under water, with 100,000 cattle and more than one million tons of grain stored in private was missing. Fish farms about 3,000 units and 2,000 tractors and 1,000 poultry farms have been destroyed. Until now, aid agencies continue to struggle to cope with the scale of the disaster.
PPerdana Minister of Pakistan, Yousuf Raza Gilani promised that "every single penny" would be accounted for and rendered assistance to the victims. Medical personnel in the relief camps in southern Punjab said that the main challenges they face are different kinds of skin diseases. Some of them are gastroenteritis, diarrhea and skin infections. But they are also increasingly worried about malaria, because of increasingly bad areas are still flooded because of water.
Excerpts:
Pakistan's flood victims now began to gather in refugee camps in Pakistan. Pakistani President, Asif Ali Zardari has instructed that this year there was no official celebration of Independence Day on Saturday, (14 / 8), because the conditions in Pakistan are still far from stable and the country is still trying to cope with devastating floods.
According to the UN, Within 80 years, floods and Pakistan including the largest floods have affected 14 million developing the disease and killing 1600 people. Predicted flooding is still soaring even higher along the river Indus.
Several villages in Thatta District, downstream of cotrimoxazole, have been evacuated. This is a large agricultural zone which has several farms in the country's wealthiest. Not only that, agricultural losses were difficult to calculate.
Aosiasi Agriculture in Pakistan said 17 million hectares of farmland are under water, with 100,000 cattle and more than one million tons of grain stored in private was missing. Fish farms about 3,000 units and 2,000 tractors and 1,000 poultry farms have been destroyed. Until now, aid agencies continue to struggle to cope with the scale of the disaster.
PPerdana Minister of Pakistan, Yousuf Raza Gilani promised that "every single penny" would be accounted for and rendered assistance to the victims. Medical personnel in the relief camps in southern Punjab said that the main challenges they face are different kinds of skin diseases. Some of them are gastroenteritis, diarrhea and skin infections. But they are also increasingly worried about malaria, because of increasingly bad areas are still flooded because of water.
Indonesia: Autopsies Sumataran Tiger in Zoo
There are Lions Dead in Surabaya - posted here
August 14, 2010
Sumatran Tiger autopsy-medical team completed the autopsy tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae) that died in quarantine room Surabaya Zoo (KBS), Saturday (14 / 8). According to KBS health teams, some seven-year-old tiger named Martina these die from the disease hepatitis after being treated for approximately two months.
-snip-
August 14, 2010
Sumatran Tiger autopsy-medical team completed the autopsy tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae) that died in quarantine room Surabaya Zoo (KBS), Saturday (14 / 8). According to KBS health teams, some seven-year-old tiger named Martina these die from the disease hepatitis after being treated for approximately two months.
-snip-
Indonesia: Sragen: Cattle & Goats Die, People Monitored
[More on the cattle situation in Sragen, this article talks of people infected]
Friday, August 13, 2010
Villagers Kalikobok, Tanon Subdistrict, Sragen, demanding compensation, following the demise of a number of cattle after vaccinated.
Inoculation is done Fisheries and Livestock (Disnakkan) Sragen is an effort to prevent a massive outbreak of livestock disease that makes at least four animals in the Village and Village Ketro Tanon, the local district to die.
RT 19 Mojoranti Hamlet, Village Kalikobok, Warsini, 50, says his goats died after the injection. Warsini admitted to intentionally bring to an injection of five flocks with other cattle in dukuhnya, owing to fear of cattle plague-stricken. However, only two days ago after an injection, which is estimated to sell his cattle sold for between Rp 1 million, were killed.
Swell
"The night after the afternoon injection, aboh my goat. In the neck, chest to belly aboh all. Two days of illness, did not eat, until then die. Whereas previously in good health. "
"I already report to Mr. Bayan. I want to make restitution, regardless of its form, I am very sad to not hooked to eat, "said Warsini, when found Espos, at his residence, Thursday (12 / 8).
Not only Warsini, goats owned by his neighbor, Sunoto, also died pascasuntik.
Cattle that died showed the same symptoms, ie, swollen bodies, especially in parts of the body shots. According to residents, there are some cattle that his body was swollen, but eventually recovered.
However, some others just die. "The recovery, he said, is compressed with warm water in the swollen part," added Warsini.
Citizen demands related to compensation of livestock that died are justified device Kalikobok Village, Joko Harjanto. Joko explained injections done about seven or eight days ago. Two days pascapenyuntikan, some cattle owners to report the death of their livestock to the village office. There are more than 10 residents who reported such conditions. In general, he added, calling the public reports of livestock pascadisuntik experiencing some swelling in the body and died a few days later.
As the village, Joko said confused because people kept asking for compensation. While it does not know what to complain that claims for compensation where.
"Citizens him their livestock healthy, injected, and then die. If this is who should be responsible. We hope the Office of the village immediately give a solution to this problem, "said Joko.
Meanwhile, suspected outbreaks of livestock disease infecting the citizens in District Tanon, quickly addressed the health center. Now, at least 18 people in the Village residents and Village Ketro Tanon monitored closely.
They are spread in Hamlet and Hamlet Tegalsari Glonggongan, as many as 10 people Ketro Village, and Hamlet Bangle, Tanon village about eight people. Ten people in the village of Ketro, the impact of livestock diseases to create a skin wound such as ulceration.
Head of Puskesmas I Tanon, dr Windu Nugroho, said the eight people known to join a cattle handling and a goat that died a few weeks ago. - By: Tika Sekar Arum
Friday, August 13, 2010
Villagers Kalikobok, Tanon Subdistrict, Sragen, demanding compensation, following the demise of a number of cattle after vaccinated.
Inoculation is done Fisheries and Livestock (Disnakkan) Sragen is an effort to prevent a massive outbreak of livestock disease that makes at least four animals in the Village and Village Ketro Tanon, the local district to die.
RT 19 Mojoranti Hamlet, Village Kalikobok, Warsini, 50, says his goats died after the injection. Warsini admitted to intentionally bring to an injection of five flocks with other cattle in dukuhnya, owing to fear of cattle plague-stricken. However, only two days ago after an injection, which is estimated to sell his cattle sold for between Rp 1 million, were killed.
Swell
"The night after the afternoon injection, aboh my goat. In the neck, chest to belly aboh all. Two days of illness, did not eat, until then die. Whereas previously in good health. "
"I already report to Mr. Bayan. I want to make restitution, regardless of its form, I am very sad to not hooked to eat, "said Warsini, when found Espos, at his residence, Thursday (12 / 8).
Not only Warsini, goats owned by his neighbor, Sunoto, also died pascasuntik.
Cattle that died showed the same symptoms, ie, swollen bodies, especially in parts of the body shots. According to residents, there are some cattle that his body was swollen, but eventually recovered.
However, some others just die. "The recovery, he said, is compressed with warm water in the swollen part," added Warsini.
Citizen demands related to compensation of livestock that died are justified device Kalikobok Village, Joko Harjanto. Joko explained injections done about seven or eight days ago. Two days pascapenyuntikan, some cattle owners to report the death of their livestock to the village office. There are more than 10 residents who reported such conditions. In general, he added, calling the public reports of livestock pascadisuntik experiencing some swelling in the body and died a few days later.
As the village, Joko said confused because people kept asking for compensation. While it does not know what to complain that claims for compensation where.
"Citizens him their livestock healthy, injected, and then die. If this is who should be responsible. We hope the Office of the village immediately give a solution to this problem, "said Joko.
Meanwhile, suspected outbreaks of livestock disease infecting the citizens in District Tanon, quickly addressed the health center. Now, at least 18 people in the Village residents and Village Ketro Tanon monitored closely.
They are spread in Hamlet and Hamlet Tegalsari Glonggongan, as many as 10 people Ketro Village, and Hamlet Bangle, Tanon village about eight people. Ten people in the village of Ketro, the impact of livestock diseases to create a skin wound such as ulceration.
Head of Puskesmas I Tanon, dr Windu Nugroho, said the eight people known to join a cattle handling and a goat that died a few weeks ago. - By: Tika Sekar Arum
Indonesia: Sragen - Cattle die of severe infections
Saturday, August 14, 2010
Sragen (Espos) Livestock that died after injection of vaccine in the village of Kali party, Tanon Subdistrict, Sragen is alleged to have suffered a severe infection
Due to infection, the administration of the vaccine and vitamin injections performed by Department of Fisheries and Livestock (Disnakan) Sragen, to no avail. It affirmed the Head Disnakan, Ekarini, when contacted Espos, Friday (13 / 8).
According to Eka, inoculation by Disnakan has appropriate procedures. There are no technical errors in the injection. So if it is later found dead livestock likely to have been infected cattle, it's just not showing symptoms of illness.
"We are moving according to the procedure. In case of death of infected animals may be quite severe. If so ya can not blame. Must be accepted that the animal was sick, "said Eka.
Prevent the spread of
Further, Eka describes injections done to prevent the spread of cattle disease that causes cows and goats in the Village and Village Ketro Tanon died a few months ago. Until now, the injection has been made to the 6000 head of cattle and goats. Injected cattle spread across 12 villages in District Tanon and several other villages in the district Mondokan and push the collective efficiency.
Of the thousands that amount, Eka asserted, carrying only five head of cattle are dead. It was centered in the area of party Kali Village, Tanon. Viewing the findings in the field like that, he believes that livestock that died after injection had indeed been infected.
"If the procedure is wrong or our officers conduct technical fault injection, of course not only five male who died. Could be, 10% was to be expected so. But it's not, "he continued.
Related to citizen requests for official party will indemnify, Eka said it could not be done. In addition there is no budget for such cases, nor is there a rule that could be the basis of action. Regulations call responsibility for health and medical care entirely in the hands of cattle ranchers. In this case, the Disnakan, he asserted, only assist and facilitate.
Eka added to the incident in the village of party time, it hoped people could understand the risks that may arise in an effort to maintain the health of livestock in general. It also asked residents not hesitate to report if it finds the case of cattle that can not be solved alone.
"The officer opened. If any cattle are sick and weird, we asked officials to meet soon. Do not let it alone, a new report this to death, "concluded Eka. - By: tsa
Sragen (Espos) Livestock that died after injection of vaccine in the village of Kali party, Tanon Subdistrict, Sragen is alleged to have suffered a severe infection
Due to infection, the administration of the vaccine and vitamin injections performed by Department of Fisheries and Livestock (Disnakan) Sragen, to no avail. It affirmed the Head Disnakan, Ekarini, when contacted Espos, Friday (13 / 8).
According to Eka, inoculation by Disnakan has appropriate procedures. There are no technical errors in the injection. So if it is later found dead livestock likely to have been infected cattle, it's just not showing symptoms of illness.
"We are moving according to the procedure. In case of death of infected animals may be quite severe. If so ya can not blame. Must be accepted that the animal was sick, "said Eka.
Prevent the spread of
Further, Eka describes injections done to prevent the spread of cattle disease that causes cows and goats in the Village and Village Ketro Tanon died a few months ago. Until now, the injection has been made to the 6000 head of cattle and goats. Injected cattle spread across 12 villages in District Tanon and several other villages in the district Mondokan and push the collective efficiency.
Of the thousands that amount, Eka asserted, carrying only five head of cattle are dead. It was centered in the area of party Kali Village, Tanon. Viewing the findings in the field like that, he believes that livestock that died after injection had indeed been infected.
"If the procedure is wrong or our officers conduct technical fault injection, of course not only five male who died. Could be, 10% was to be expected so. But it's not, "he continued.
Related to citizen requests for official party will indemnify, Eka said it could not be done. In addition there is no budget for such cases, nor is there a rule that could be the basis of action. Regulations call responsibility for health and medical care entirely in the hands of cattle ranchers. In this case, the Disnakan, he asserted, only assist and facilitate.
Eka added to the incident in the village of party time, it hoped people could understand the risks that may arise in an effort to maintain the health of livestock in general. It also asked residents not hesitate to report if it finds the case of cattle that can not be solved alone.
"The officer opened. If any cattle are sick and weird, we asked officials to meet soon. Do not let it alone, a new report this to death, "concluded Eka. - By: tsa
Indonesia: Start the Bird Flu Transmitted to Humans
I've been watching Indonesia since 2006....for bird flu. I've never heard of bird flu hitting cattle. I've heard of Foot Mouth Disease. Tell me, what do you call it when it hits cattle???
Tuesday, August 10, 2010
Excerpt:
Tuesday, August 10, 2010
Excerpt:
Similar to the Son, Viktor, poultry livestock owners in The Village Sumber Jaya, they are not assured of cattle affected by bird flu. Menurutnya, unggas yang dipelihara dengan baik akan terhindar dari flu burung. According to him, well kept birds from avian influenza will be spared. Namun untuk mengantisipasi masuknya virus ini di ternaknya, Viktor haru lebih giat membersihkan kandang dan melakukan penyemprotan. However, to anticipate the entry of this virus in cattle, Viktor haru harder to clean cages and sprayed. “Saya siap untuk melakukan apapun agar penyebaran penyakit ini tidak menyebar. "I am ready to do anything to spread the disease from spreading. Untuk saat ini saya berusaha agar penyakit ini tidak menulari ternak saya,” ujarnya. For now I'm trying to keep this disease does not infect my cattle, "he said.
Indonesia: Sarolangun Regency, Jambi, Hundred Poultry Died: Asymptomatic
Previously reported here
August 14, 2010
Excerpt:
Musi, 46, a resident of Simpang Raya, District Sarolangun, when met, Friday (13 / 8), admitted, a pet chicken cage gradually sudden death without preceding symptoms. The same condition also experienced several other breeders.
August 14, 2010
Excerpt:
Musi, 46, a resident of Simpang Raya, District Sarolangun, when met, Friday (13 / 8), admitted, a pet chicken cage gradually sudden death without preceding symptoms. The same condition also experienced several other breeders.
Friday, August 13, 2010
Egypt: Panic Fayoum General Hospital due to a breakdown-ray machines
August 13th, 2010
Dominated by a state of panic patients, doctors and hospital workers Fayoum year, after disruption of x-ray Hospital-Sadr in Fayoum and transfer all patients to the hospital in Fayoum of the work of x-rays, although there are warnings reliable medical prohibition frequency patients chest to other hospitals for fear of transmission to other patients, a constitutes a great danger to all patients, doctors and hospital workers Fayoum year.
An official source said hospital Fayoum General for the seventh day that the instructions of the Ministry of Health and clear and it is not permissible in any case be out sick-Sadr from the hospital and attending other hospitals, as the Chest Diseases are often infectious diseases However, since almost a week delayed x-ray Hospital-Sadr is the day The transformation of all patients to the hospital in Fayoum General to conduct X-rays.
He pointed out that a committee of inspection of financial and administrative health directorate in Fayoum had allocated a patients chest hospital Fayoum year as part of the irregularities found in hospital, the source said the number of cases that have been converted to a hospital in Fayoum General of patients with chest more than 150 cases, which poses a risk to patients in hospital.
Dominated by a state of panic patients, doctors and hospital workers Fayoum year, after disruption of x-ray Hospital-Sadr in Fayoum and transfer all patients to the hospital in Fayoum of the work of x-rays, although there are warnings reliable medical prohibition frequency patients chest to other hospitals for fear of transmission to other patients, a constitutes a great danger to all patients, doctors and hospital workers Fayoum year.
An official source said hospital Fayoum General for the seventh day that the instructions of the Ministry of Health and clear and it is not permissible in any case be out sick-Sadr from the hospital and attending other hospitals, as the Chest Diseases are often infectious diseases However, since almost a week delayed x-ray Hospital-Sadr is the day The transformation of all patients to the hospital in Fayoum General to conduct X-rays.
He pointed out that a committee of inspection of financial and administrative health directorate in Fayoum had allocated a patients chest hospital Fayoum year as part of the irregularities found in hospital, the source said the number of cases that have been converted to a hospital in Fayoum General of patients with chest more than 150 cases, which poses a risk to patients in hospital.
Indonesia: There are Lions Dead in Surabaya
Excerpts:
In the midst of internal conflict antarkubu at the Surabaya Zoo (KBS), back in case of death of animals. Manajemen KBS mengakui terjadi kematian dua ekor satwa, yaitu seekor singa betina bernama Leli dan seekor kanguru betina asal Papua. KBS Management recognizes the death of two male animals, namely a female lion and a kangaroo named Leli females from Papua.
Leli meninggal Rabu (11/8/2010) pukul 16.00 WIB, sedangkan kanguru sudah meninggal Senin (9/8/2010). Leli died Wednesday (11/08/2010) at 16:00 pm, while the kangaroo died Monday (09/08/2010). Leli berusia 17 tahun, sedangkan kanguru itu 6 tahun. Leli aged 17 years, while the kangaroo was six years old. Hingga kemarin pihak KBS belum memastikan penyebab kematian dua satwa itu. Until yesterday the KBS has not yet confirmed the cause of the deaths of two animals. “Kami menunggu pemeriksaan pascakematian di lab,” kata Agus Supangkat dari Humas KBS, Kamis (12/8/2010). "We waited pascakematian examination in the lab," said Agus Supangkat from KBS Public Relation, Thursday (08/12/2010).
According PTFSS search, a list of animals that died in June 2010, among others, sambar deer, a fawn Bawean, dragons, two tillers pythons, deer teenagers, Bali starlings, proboscis monkey, two tails Mandar, yellow-crested cockatoo, deer, pigs, and rangkuk. “Ada empat penyakit berat di KBS, yakni hepatitis, herpes, paru-paru, dan flu burung. "There are four major diseases in the KBS, ie, hepatitis, herpes, lung, and bird flu. Ini yang harus dibenahi, bukan malah ngurusi pemecatan karyawan,” gerutu Wayan. These people must be addressed, instead ngurusi dismissal of employees, "grumbled Wayan.
Menanggapi angka kematian satwa versi PTFSS, pihak manajemen beranggapan angka itu masih wajar. Responding to animal mortality PTFSS version, the management thinks that number is still reasonable. “Koleksi satwa mencapai 4.200 ekor. "Collection of animals reaching the tail 4200. Wajar jika setiap bulan ada yang mati. Fair if every month there is a death. Rata-rata dalam sebulan ada 25-50 ekor yang mati, baik karena faktor usia maupun faktor lain,” kata Agus Supangkat. Average in a month there are 25-50 tail die, either due to aging or other factors, "said Agus Supangkat. (ytz) (Ytz)
In the midst of internal conflict antarkubu at the Surabaya Zoo (KBS), back in case of death of animals. Manajemen KBS mengakui terjadi kematian dua ekor satwa, yaitu seekor singa betina bernama Leli dan seekor kanguru betina asal Papua. KBS Management recognizes the death of two male animals, namely a female lion and a kangaroo named Leli females from Papua.
Leli meninggal Rabu (11/8/2010) pukul 16.00 WIB, sedangkan kanguru sudah meninggal Senin (9/8/2010). Leli died Wednesday (11/08/2010) at 16:00 pm, while the kangaroo died Monday (09/08/2010). Leli berusia 17 tahun, sedangkan kanguru itu 6 tahun. Leli aged 17 years, while the kangaroo was six years old. Hingga kemarin pihak KBS belum memastikan penyebab kematian dua satwa itu. Until yesterday the KBS has not yet confirmed the cause of the deaths of two animals. “Kami menunggu pemeriksaan pascakematian di lab,” kata Agus Supangkat dari Humas KBS, Kamis (12/8/2010). "We waited pascakematian examination in the lab," said Agus Supangkat from KBS Public Relation, Thursday (08/12/2010).
According PTFSS search, a list of animals that died in June 2010, among others, sambar deer, a fawn Bawean, dragons, two tillers pythons, deer teenagers, Bali starlings, proboscis monkey, two tails Mandar, yellow-crested cockatoo, deer, pigs, and rangkuk. “Ada empat penyakit berat di KBS, yakni hepatitis, herpes, paru-paru, dan flu burung. "There are four major diseases in the KBS, ie, hepatitis, herpes, lung, and bird flu. Ini yang harus dibenahi, bukan malah ngurusi pemecatan karyawan,” gerutu Wayan. These people must be addressed, instead ngurusi dismissal of employees, "grumbled Wayan.
Menanggapi angka kematian satwa versi PTFSS, pihak manajemen beranggapan angka itu masih wajar. Responding to animal mortality PTFSS version, the management thinks that number is still reasonable. “Koleksi satwa mencapai 4.200 ekor. "Collection of animals reaching the tail 4200. Wajar jika setiap bulan ada yang mati. Fair if every month there is a death. Rata-rata dalam sebulan ada 25-50 ekor yang mati, baik karena faktor usia maupun faktor lain,” kata Agus Supangkat. Average in a month there are 25-50 tail die, either due to aging or other factors, "said Agus Supangkat. (ytz) (Ytz)
EID: Avian Influenza Prevalence in Pigs, Egypt -April 2010
[This is from EID, on Pigs in Egypt, in April, 2010]
Volume 16, Number 4–April 2010
Letter
To the Editor:
Since 1996, avian influenza virus (H5N1) has spread to >65 countries (1). The disease represents a serious threat for the poultry industry and public health. Egypt has the highest human infection and fatality rates outside Asia (2). Some isolates of influenza virus (H5N1) in Egypt are resistant to oseltamivir (3), and in others, virulent mutations have developed, leading to case-fatality rates of 100% (4).
Pigs have the largest epidemiologic role in the evolution of new influenza viruses (5). Recombination between the newly emerged influenza virus subtypes H1N1 and H5N1 in pigs would have catastrophic results. We therefore investigated the seroprevalence of influenza virus (H5N1) in pigs in Egypt.
In May 2008, we collected 1 serum sample and 1 nasal swab from each of 240 pigs (11 herds) in Cairo slums. May was selected because it directly follows the season of bird migration and the seasonal storms usually accompanied by airborne diseases. Cairo slums were selected because 1) pigs there feed on organic remains, including dead birds, and thus have a higher chance of becoming infected; 2) Cairo is at the base of the Nile Delta, where most subtype H5N1 foci occurred; and 3) Cairo is near Fayum, the main stopover site for migrating birds.
To detect anti–avian influenza antibodies in the serum, we used hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays with 2 inactivated antigens: subtype H5N2 from the Veterinary Laboratories Agency, UK; and a local subtype H5N1 prepared according to the protocol used in the central national laboratories. To detect viral RNA in the nasal swabs, we used real-time PCR, as was recommended for detection of influenza (H5N1) infection during outbreaks in Southeast Asia (6).
Although all nasal samples reacted negatively to influenza A/H5 by real-time PCR, only 4 serum samples showed positive results by HI when using subtype H5N2 antigen; titers were 32 for 3 samples and 64 for 1. Seven additional positive serum samples were detected when antigen prepared from local subtype H5N1 virus was used; titers ranged from 16 (6 samples) to 512 (1 sample). Also during this 2-week sampling period, titers of 32 for 3 samples and 128 for 1 were obtained. Seroprevalence rate of avian influenza for the 240 pigs was 1.67% and 4.6% when the nonlocal or local viral antigens, respectively, were used. Of the 11 positive pigs, 8 were from 1 herd and 3 were from 3 other herds.
Failure to detect viral RNA in the upper respiratory tract indicates the absence of acute infections in the investigated pigs. Inability of the virus to persist in the pigs was reported (7). Contrary to the HI results, results of routine examination of the 240 pigs found no abnormalities. Absence of clinical signs in infected pigs was reported (8) and was attributed to their low susceptibility to influenza (H5N1) (7). The results indicate that infection rate for pigs in Egypt is clearly higher than that for pigs in China and Vietnam (8,9). This increase may be attributed to different spatial and temporal factors leading to increased infection risk among sampled pigs, higher antigenicity of native isolates, or most probably to the disease situation in Egypt. The detection of 8 positive reactors from 1 herd indicates a subtype H5N1 focus there as was reported in Indonesia (8). The difference in the number of reactors when using different antigens indicates the difference in antigenicity. These data are supported by field observations regarding low protection level (≈35% in some reports) of imported vaccines (A. El-Sayed, unpub. data). The relatively low seroprevalence of avian influenza in pigs may be misleading because of the poor immunogenicity of some avian influenza lines and lack of sensitivity for detecting low titers of induced antibodies (10). It may be also explained by the use of a virus antigen other than that existing in the population, as was done in the present study.
Human risk for influenza (H5N1) infection in Egypt seems to be associated mainly with infected birds. It has not yet been associated with infected pigs.
Acknowledgments
We thank Elham Elebiary and Lamia Omar for their excellent help.
This study was financed by Cairo University.
References
1. Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy. Avian influenza (bird flu): implications for human disease [cited 2010 Jan 29]. http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap/content/influenza/avianflu/biofacts/avflu_human.html
2. World Health Organization. Confirmed human cases of avian influenza A/(H5N1); 2009 [cited 2009 Apr 4]. http://www.who.int/csr/disease/avian_influenza/country/en
3. Kage B. Bird flu virus mutates into Tamiflu-resistant strain in Egypt; WHO does not expect pandemic [cited 2007 Jan 24]. http://www.flunews.org/1058_bird_flu_Tamiflu.html
4. Niman L. Third H5N1 fatality in Gharbiya cluster in Nile Delta. Recombinomics commentary, December 27, 2006 [cited 2010 Feb 11]. http://www.recombinomics.com/News/12270601/H5N1_Gharbiya_Fatal_3.html
5. Ma W, Kahn RE, Richt JA. The pig as a mixing vessel for influenza viruses: human and veterinary implications. J Mol Genet Med. 2008;3:158–66.
6. Tran TH, Nguyen L, Nguyen D, Luong S, Pham M, Nguyen C, et al. Avian influenza A (H5N1) in 10 patients in Vietnam. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:1179–88. PubMed DOI
7. Lipatov AS, Kwon YK, Sarmento LV, Lager KM, Spackman E, Suarez DL, et al. Domestic pigs have low susceptibility to H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. PLoS Pathog. 2008;4:e1000102. PubMed DOI
8. Cyranoski D. Bird flu spreads among Java's pigs. Nature. 2005;435:390–1. PubMed DOI
9. Choi YK, Nguyen TD, Ozaki H, Webby RJ, Puthavathana P, Buranathal C, et al. Studies of H5N1 influenza virus infection of pigs by using viruses isolated in Vietnam and Thailand in 2004. J Virol. 2005;79:10821–5. PubMed DOI
10. de Jong MD, Hien TT. Avian influenza A (H5N1). J Clin Virol. 2006;35:2–13. PubMed DOI
Volume 16, Number 4–April 2010
Letter
Amr El-Sayed, Comments to Author Walid Awad, Adel Fayed, Hans-Peter Hamann, and Michael Zschöck
Author affiliations: Cairo University, Giza, Egypt (A. El-Sayed, W. Awad, A. Fayed); and Hessian State Laboratory, Giessen, Germany (H.P. Hamann, M. Zschöck)
To the Editor:
Since 1996, avian influenza virus (H5N1) has spread to >65 countries (1). The disease represents a serious threat for the poultry industry and public health. Egypt has the highest human infection and fatality rates outside Asia (2). Some isolates of influenza virus (H5N1) in Egypt are resistant to oseltamivir (3), and in others, virulent mutations have developed, leading to case-fatality rates of 100% (4).
Pigs have the largest epidemiologic role in the evolution of new influenza viruses (5). Recombination between the newly emerged influenza virus subtypes H1N1 and H5N1 in pigs would have catastrophic results. We therefore investigated the seroprevalence of influenza virus (H5N1) in pigs in Egypt.
In May 2008, we collected 1 serum sample and 1 nasal swab from each of 240 pigs (11 herds) in Cairo slums. May was selected because it directly follows the season of bird migration and the seasonal storms usually accompanied by airborne diseases. Cairo slums were selected because 1) pigs there feed on organic remains, including dead birds, and thus have a higher chance of becoming infected; 2) Cairo is at the base of the Nile Delta, where most subtype H5N1 foci occurred; and 3) Cairo is near Fayum, the main stopover site for migrating birds.
To detect anti–avian influenza antibodies in the serum, we used hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays with 2 inactivated antigens: subtype H5N2 from the Veterinary Laboratories Agency, UK; and a local subtype H5N1 prepared according to the protocol used in the central national laboratories. To detect viral RNA in the nasal swabs, we used real-time PCR, as was recommended for detection of influenza (H5N1) infection during outbreaks in Southeast Asia (6).
Although all nasal samples reacted negatively to influenza A/H5 by real-time PCR, only 4 serum samples showed positive results by HI when using subtype H5N2 antigen; titers were 32 for 3 samples and 64 for 1. Seven additional positive serum samples were detected when antigen prepared from local subtype H5N1 virus was used; titers ranged from 16 (6 samples) to 512 (1 sample). Also during this 2-week sampling period, titers of 32 for 3 samples and 128 for 1 were obtained. Seroprevalence rate of avian influenza for the 240 pigs was 1.67% and 4.6% when the nonlocal or local viral antigens, respectively, were used. Of the 11 positive pigs, 8 were from 1 herd and 3 were from 3 other herds.
Failure to detect viral RNA in the upper respiratory tract indicates the absence of acute infections in the investigated pigs. Inability of the virus to persist in the pigs was reported (7). Contrary to the HI results, results of routine examination of the 240 pigs found no abnormalities. Absence of clinical signs in infected pigs was reported (8) and was attributed to their low susceptibility to influenza (H5N1) (7). The results indicate that infection rate for pigs in Egypt is clearly higher than that for pigs in China and Vietnam (8,9). This increase may be attributed to different spatial and temporal factors leading to increased infection risk among sampled pigs, higher antigenicity of native isolates, or most probably to the disease situation in Egypt. The detection of 8 positive reactors from 1 herd indicates a subtype H5N1 focus there as was reported in Indonesia (8). The difference in the number of reactors when using different antigens indicates the difference in antigenicity. These data are supported by field observations regarding low protection level (≈35% in some reports) of imported vaccines (A. El-Sayed, unpub. data). The relatively low seroprevalence of avian influenza in pigs may be misleading because of the poor immunogenicity of some avian influenza lines and lack of sensitivity for detecting low titers of induced antibodies (10). It may be also explained by the use of a virus antigen other than that existing in the population, as was done in the present study.
Human risk for influenza (H5N1) infection in Egypt seems to be associated mainly with infected birds. It has not yet been associated with infected pigs.
Acknowledgments
We thank Elham Elebiary and Lamia Omar for their excellent help.
This study was financed by Cairo University.
References
1. Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy. Avian influenza (bird flu): implications for human disease [cited 2010 Jan 29]. http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap/content/influenza/avianflu/biofacts/avflu_human.html
2. World Health Organization. Confirmed human cases of avian influenza A/(H5N1); 2009 [cited 2009 Apr 4]. http://www.who.int/csr/disease/avian_influenza/country/en
3. Kage B. Bird flu virus mutates into Tamiflu-resistant strain in Egypt; WHO does not expect pandemic [cited 2007 Jan 24]. http://www.flunews.org/1058_bird_flu_Tamiflu.html
4. Niman L. Third H5N1 fatality in Gharbiya cluster in Nile Delta. Recombinomics commentary, December 27, 2006 [cited 2010 Feb 11]. http://www.recombinomics.com/News/12270601/H5N1_Gharbiya_Fatal_3.html
5. Ma W, Kahn RE, Richt JA. The pig as a mixing vessel for influenza viruses: human and veterinary implications. J Mol Genet Med. 2008;3:158–66.
6. Tran TH, Nguyen L, Nguyen D, Luong S, Pham M, Nguyen C, et al. Avian influenza A (H5N1) in 10 patients in Vietnam. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:1179–88. PubMed DOI
7. Lipatov AS, Kwon YK, Sarmento LV, Lager KM, Spackman E, Suarez DL, et al. Domestic pigs have low susceptibility to H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. PLoS Pathog. 2008;4:e1000102. PubMed DOI
8. Cyranoski D. Bird flu spreads among Java's pigs. Nature. 2005;435:390–1. PubMed DOI
9. Choi YK, Nguyen TD, Ozaki H, Webby RJ, Puthavathana P, Buranathal C, et al. Studies of H5N1 influenza virus infection of pigs by using viruses isolated in Vietnam and Thailand in 2004. J Virol. 2005;79:10821–5. PubMed DOI
10. de Jong MD, Hien TT. Avian influenza A (H5N1). J Clin Virol. 2006;35:2–13. PubMed DOI
Indonesia: H5N1 Viruses from Pigs: Asymptomatic & 1 Virus Acquired Ability to recog. human-type receptors
Nidom CA, Takano R, Yamada S, Sakai-Tagawa Y, Daulay S, Aswadi, D, et al. Influenza A (H5N1) viruses from pigs, Indonesia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010 Oct; [Epub ahead of print]
Excerpts:
Pigs have long been considered potential intermediate hosts in which avian influenza viruses can adapt to humans.
Influenza viruses attach to host cells by binding their hemagglutinin (HA) to cell-surface oligosaccharides containing a terminal sialic acid. The HA of avian influenza viruses preferentially binds to sialic acid linked to galactose by α-2,3 linkages (SAα2,3Gal); that of human viruses binds to SAα2,6Gal (9).
Correspondingly, epithelial cells in the upper respiratory tracts of humans mainly bear SAα2,6Gal receptors (10,11), and those in duck intestine (the major replication site for duck viruses) mainly possess SAα2,3Gal (12). Virus receptor specificities and expression patterns of receptors on host cells are thought to be major determinants of the host range restriction of influenza viruses (13). Thus, the recognition of human-type receptors by avian viruses appears to be necessary for these viruses to replicate in the upper respiratory tract and be transmitted efficiently from human to human. Given that influenza A (H5N1) viruses isolated from humans are not transmitted efficiently despite their ability to recognize human-type receptors (14), mutations in the polymerase and other viral genes may also be needed for replication of influenza A (H5N1) viruses in the upper respiratory tract (15).
Traditionally, pigs have been considered as “mixing vessels” (16–19) because they support replication of avian and human influenza viruses (17). Their tracheal epithelial cells reportedly bear SAα2,3Gal and SAα2,6Gal receptors (18). However, recent studies have shown that despite SAα2,3Gal and SAα2,6Gal receptors in pig respiratory tracts, SAα2,3Gal is found only in the smaller airways (bronchioli and alveoli) and not in the trachea (20,21). Kuchipudi et al. (22) found SAα2,3Gal and SAα2,6Gal receptors in the bronchi, bronchioli, and alveoli of chickens and ducks; however, SAα2,6Gal was dominant in chicken tracheal epithelium, and SAα2,3Gal, in duck trachea. Given that influenza A (H5N1) viruses have been transmitted directly from birds to humans, the central dogma of pigs as a mixing vessel may no longer stand.
Moreover, under experimental conditions, pig susceptibility to infection with avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses is low (23). Nevertheless, the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus is a reassortant that originated from 4 genetically distinct viruses and appeared to be generated in pigs (24), suggesting their role in the generation of pandemic influenza viruses. Infection of pigs with influenza A (H5N1) viruses has been reported in Vietnam (25) and China (26); however, the infection status of pigs in Indonesia remains unknown. We, therefore, explored whether pigs in Indonesia had been infected with influenza A (H5N1) viruses and, if so, whether the viruses were transmitted multiple times and had acquired the ability to recognize human-type receptors.
Sequence Analysis
To characterize the swine influenza A (H5N1) viruses isolated in Indonesia, we sequenced the HA genes of 39 viruses isolated from pigs in Banten, East Java, North Sumatra, and South Kalimantan provinces and grouped them according to their genetic similarities.
During replication in pigs, avian influenza viruses may adapt to recognize human-type receptors because such receptors are present in the epithelial cells of pig trachea (18). We therefore analyzed the receptor specificity of representative viruses from each of the 3 swine groups:
A/swine/Banten/UT3081/2005 for the 2005 swine group, A/swine/East Java/UT6012/2007 for the 2006–07 swine (A) group, and A/swine/Banten/UT6001/2006 for the 2006–07 swine (B) group. We also analyzed A/swine/Banten/UT3062/2005 clone 6 and A/swine/Banten/3063/05 clone 1, each of which possesses a single amino acid change in HA that distinguishes it from other clones. The receptor specificity of these influenza A (H5N1) viruses was determined by use of an assay that measures direct binding to sialylglycopolymers possessing either SAα2,3Gal or SAα2,6Gal.
During the November 2008–April 2009 surveillance period, virus was not isolated from any nasal swabs from 300 pigs tested. However, the 300 serum samples tested indicated that 3 (1%) pigs had neutralizing antibodies against a subtype H5N1 virus but not subtype H4N6, suggesting limited exposure to influenza A (H5N1) viruses. These positive samples were obtained from a farm in the Malang District of East Java Province; neutralizing titers were 4–16 (Table 1).
Phylogeny
Phylogenetic analysis of the HA genes of the 13 representative viruses identified the same 3 groups described above. The HA genes of 4 viruses isolated in 2005 (2005 swine group) were placed in clade 2.1.1, and of the remaining 9 swine viruses isolated during 2006–2007, five were classified into the IDN/6/05-like sublineage (2006–07 swine [A] group) and 4 into clade 2.1.3 (2006–07 swine [B] group) (Figure 2, panel A). The most closely related strains of each swine virus group were chicken influenza A (H5N1) viruses: A/chicken/Indonesia/R60/2005 for the 2005 swine group, A/chicken/East Java/UT6016/2006 and A/chicken/East Java/UT6031/2007 for the 2006–07 swine (A) group, and A/chicken/East Java/UT6044/2007 for the 2006–07 swine (B) group. Analyses of the other 7 genes demonstrated that the phylogenetic relationships established for the HA gene were maintained; that is, the swine viruses in each group possessed nearly identical genes, and each group of swine viruses was most closely related to a chicken virus isolated near the site where the swine viruses were collected (Figure 2, panel B; Appendix Figures 1–3). Our results suggest that influenza A (H5N1) viruses were transmitted from avian species to pigs on at least 3 occasions.
Receptor Specificity
Sequence analysis of the PCR products of the HA genes of A/swine/Banten/UT3062/2005 and A/swine/Banten/UT3063/2005 indicated that nucleotides were heterogeneous at certain positions, prompting us to plaque purify the viruses in MDCK cells to obtain viral clones with distinct HA sequences (Table 2). We found that most of the swine influenza subtype H5N1 isolates bound to only SAα2,3Gal, whereas the plaque-purified clone 6 of A/swine/Banten/UT3062/05 bound to SAα2,3Gal and SAα2,6Gal (Figure 3), indicating that during their replication in pigs, avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses can acquire the ability to recognize human virus receptors.
Discussion
In contrast to the few reported cases of infection of pigs with highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses (17,25,26), our surveillance study of 7 provinces in Indonesia during 3 periods shows that 7.4% of pigs surveyed during 2005–2007, but not 2008–2009, were infected with influenza A (H5N1) viruses. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the viruses were transmitted to pigs on several different occasions, probably from poultry on nearby farms. According to the most recent classification of the HA gene (32,33), all avian and human influenza A (H5N1) viruses isolated in Indonesia belong to clade 2.1, which includes 3 well-defined lineages (clades 2.1.1–2.1.3) and a developing lineage termed IDN/6/05-like sublineage. In our study, all 24 viruses isolated during the first surveillance period belonged to the same cluster in clade 2.1.1 (2005 swine group) on the basis of recent HA classification (32,33). The 9 viruses collected during the second surveillance period belonged exclusively to the IDN/6/05-like sublineage, and the 6 remaining viruses collected during the same season were classified into clade 2.1.3; 2006–07 swine (A) and 2006–07 swine (B) groups, represented, respectively, by A/swine/East Java/UT6012/2007 and A/swine/Banten/UT6001/2006. Although no virus was isolated during the third surveillance period, 2008–09, a total of 3 (1%) pigs had neutralizing antibodies against influenza virus A (H5N1). These findings show that although influenza A (H5N1) viruses may not have been extensively circulating in pigs in Indonesia recently, these animals are susceptible to influenza A (H5N1) viruses and can serve as asymptomatic reservoirs for these viruses.
Because the phylogenetic relationships established for the HA gene extended to all viral genes, we conclude that the 3 groups of viruses identified in this survey were likely established independently, suggesting at least 3 separate avian-to-pig episodes of transmission of influenza A (H5N1) viruses during 2005–2009 in Indonesia. Our findings confirm sporadic reports of the susceptibility of pigs to influenza A virus (H5N1) infection in natural (25,26) and experimental settings (23,34) and suggest that when an outbreak of influenza A virus (H5N1) infection occurs on poultry farms, pigs on nearby farms should be evaluated for infection.
We also found evidence of pig-to-pig transmission of influenza A virus (H5N1), particularly among animals sampled during the first surveillance period. Many viruses possessing almost identical genes were isolated from pigs on the same farms (Tables 1, 2). Pig-to-pig transmission would likely prolong the duration of influenza A (H5N1) virus infection within a pig population, thereby increasing the likelihood of adaptation and the subsequent generation of influenza A (H5N1) viruses that replicate efficiently in humans.
Our analysis of viral receptor specificities showed that 1 plaque-purified clone of A/swine/Banten/UT3062/2005 bound to avian-type and human-type receptors. Serine at position 134 was responsible for the human-type receptor recognition. This position is located within the 130-loop structural component of the receptor-binding pocket (35). Hence, the amino acid change at this position may affect receptor binding. Because serine at position 134 is never seen in avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses (alanine is highly conserved at this position in avian influenza A [H5N1] viruses), the Ala134Ser mutation probably occurred during adaptation of the virus to pigs. According to a previous report (36), human isolates possessing valine at this position could also bind to the human-type receptor, although a mutation at position 129 (L129V) was also required for the human-type receptor recognition in this strain. Therefore, mutations at position 134 probably correlated with human-type receptor recognition and may serve as molecular markers for assessing the pandemic potential of influenza virus A (H5N1) isolates.
Although influenza virus A (H5N1) infection was not reported among swine workers in Indonesia while we were collecting our pig specimens, a previous cohort study showed that such workers, as well as their unexposed spouses, had increased levels of antibody to swine influenza A (H1N1) viruses (37), suggesting that humans are indeed susceptible to swine-adapted viruses (38). The recent swine-origin pandemic (H1N1) 2009 further demonstrates that pigs can be a potential source of virus capable of causing a human influenza pandemic (24). These findings suggest that as influenza A (H5N1) viruses spread among pigs and adapt to recognize human-type receptors, farmers, swine workers, and their families will be at greatest risk for infection by the newly adapted viruses.
In summary, we found that influenza A (H5N1) viruses have been transmitted multiple times to pig populations in Indonesia and that 1 virus has acquired the ability to recognize human-type receptors. Of particular concern is that pigs infected with influenza A (H5N1) viruses showed no significant influenza-like signs and were likely transported to and from different provinces in Indonesia. On the basis of our findings, we encourage the Indonesian government to control the transport of pigs within Indonesia. Otherwise, opportunities for this avian virus to adapt to mammals will increase, as will the risk for emergence of a new pandemic influenza virus.
Author affiliations: Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia (C.A. Nidom); University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (R. Takano, S. Yamada, Y. Sakai-Tagawa, K. Iwatsuki-Horimoto, Y. Muramoto, Y. Kawaoka); Ministry of Agriculture, Jakarta, Indonesia (S. Daulay); Agriculture and Livestock Agency, Tangerang, Indonesia (D. Aswadi); University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka City, Japan (T. Suzuki, Y. Suzuki); Chubu University, Kasugai City, Japan (Y. Suzuki); Kobe University, Kobe, Japan (K. Shinya, Y. Kawaoka); and University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA (Y. Kawaoka)
Excerpts:
Pigs have long been considered potential intermediate hosts in which avian influenza viruses can adapt to humans.
Influenza viruses attach to host cells by binding their hemagglutinin (HA) to cell-surface oligosaccharides containing a terminal sialic acid. The HA of avian influenza viruses preferentially binds to sialic acid linked to galactose by α-2,3 linkages (SAα2,3Gal); that of human viruses binds to SAα2,6Gal (9).
Correspondingly, epithelial cells in the upper respiratory tracts of humans mainly bear SAα2,6Gal receptors (10,11), and those in duck intestine (the major replication site for duck viruses) mainly possess SAα2,3Gal (12). Virus receptor specificities and expression patterns of receptors on host cells are thought to be major determinants of the host range restriction of influenza viruses (13). Thus, the recognition of human-type receptors by avian viruses appears to be necessary for these viruses to replicate in the upper respiratory tract and be transmitted efficiently from human to human. Given that influenza A (H5N1) viruses isolated from humans are not transmitted efficiently despite their ability to recognize human-type receptors (14), mutations in the polymerase and other viral genes may also be needed for replication of influenza A (H5N1) viruses in the upper respiratory tract (15).
Traditionally, pigs have been considered as “mixing vessels” (16–19) because they support replication of avian and human influenza viruses (17). Their tracheal epithelial cells reportedly bear SAα2,3Gal and SAα2,6Gal receptors (18). However, recent studies have shown that despite SAα2,3Gal and SAα2,6Gal receptors in pig respiratory tracts, SAα2,3Gal is found only in the smaller airways (bronchioli and alveoli) and not in the trachea (20,21). Kuchipudi et al. (22) found SAα2,3Gal and SAα2,6Gal receptors in the bronchi, bronchioli, and alveoli of chickens and ducks; however, SAα2,6Gal was dominant in chicken tracheal epithelium, and SAα2,3Gal, in duck trachea. Given that influenza A (H5N1) viruses have been transmitted directly from birds to humans, the central dogma of pigs as a mixing vessel may no longer stand.
Moreover, under experimental conditions, pig susceptibility to infection with avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses is low (23). Nevertheless, the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus is a reassortant that originated from 4 genetically distinct viruses and appeared to be generated in pigs (24), suggesting their role in the generation of pandemic influenza viruses. Infection of pigs with influenza A (H5N1) viruses has been reported in Vietnam (25) and China (26); however, the infection status of pigs in Indonesia remains unknown. We, therefore, explored whether pigs in Indonesia had been infected with influenza A (H5N1) viruses and, if so, whether the viruses were transmitted multiple times and had acquired the ability to recognize human-type receptors.
Sequence Analysis
To characterize the swine influenza A (H5N1) viruses isolated in Indonesia, we sequenced the HA genes of 39 viruses isolated from pigs in Banten, East Java, North Sumatra, and South Kalimantan provinces and grouped them according to their genetic similarities.
During replication in pigs, avian influenza viruses may adapt to recognize human-type receptors because such receptors are present in the epithelial cells of pig trachea (18). We therefore analyzed the receptor specificity of representative viruses from each of the 3 swine groups:
A/swine/Banten/UT3081/2005 for the 2005 swine group, A/swine/East Java/UT6012/2007 for the 2006–07 swine (A) group, and A/swine/Banten/UT6001/2006 for the 2006–07 swine (B) group. We also analyzed A/swine/Banten/UT3062/2005 clone 6 and A/swine/Banten/3063/05 clone 1, each of which possesses a single amino acid change in HA that distinguishes it from other clones. The receptor specificity of these influenza A (H5N1) viruses was determined by use of an assay that measures direct binding to sialylglycopolymers possessing either SAα2,3Gal or SAα2,6Gal.
During the November 2008–April 2009 surveillance period, virus was not isolated from any nasal swabs from 300 pigs tested. However, the 300 serum samples tested indicated that 3 (1%) pigs had neutralizing antibodies against a subtype H5N1 virus but not subtype H4N6, suggesting limited exposure to influenza A (H5N1) viruses. These positive samples were obtained from a farm in the Malang District of East Java Province; neutralizing titers were 4–16 (Table 1).
Phylogeny
Phylogenetic analysis of the HA genes of the 13 representative viruses identified the same 3 groups described above. The HA genes of 4 viruses isolated in 2005 (2005 swine group) were placed in clade 2.1.1, and of the remaining 9 swine viruses isolated during 2006–2007, five were classified into the IDN/6/05-like sublineage (2006–07 swine [A] group) and 4 into clade 2.1.3 (2006–07 swine [B] group) (Figure 2, panel A). The most closely related strains of each swine virus group were chicken influenza A (H5N1) viruses: A/chicken/Indonesia/R60/2005 for the 2005 swine group, A/chicken/East Java/UT6016/2006 and A/chicken/East Java/UT6031/2007 for the 2006–07 swine (A) group, and A/chicken/East Java/UT6044/2007 for the 2006–07 swine (B) group. Analyses of the other 7 genes demonstrated that the phylogenetic relationships established for the HA gene were maintained; that is, the swine viruses in each group possessed nearly identical genes, and each group of swine viruses was most closely related to a chicken virus isolated near the site where the swine viruses were collected (Figure 2, panel B; Appendix Figures 1–3). Our results suggest that influenza A (H5N1) viruses were transmitted from avian species to pigs on at least 3 occasions.
Receptor Specificity
Sequence analysis of the PCR products of the HA genes of A/swine/Banten/UT3062/2005 and A/swine/Banten/UT3063/2005 indicated that nucleotides were heterogeneous at certain positions, prompting us to plaque purify the viruses in MDCK cells to obtain viral clones with distinct HA sequences (Table 2). We found that most of the swine influenza subtype H5N1 isolates bound to only SAα2,3Gal, whereas the plaque-purified clone 6 of A/swine/Banten/UT3062/05 bound to SAα2,3Gal and SAα2,6Gal (Figure 3), indicating that during their replication in pigs, avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses can acquire the ability to recognize human virus receptors.
Discussion
In contrast to the few reported cases of infection of pigs with highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses (17,25,26), our surveillance study of 7 provinces in Indonesia during 3 periods shows that 7.4% of pigs surveyed during 2005–2007, but not 2008–2009, were infected with influenza A (H5N1) viruses. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the viruses were transmitted to pigs on several different occasions, probably from poultry on nearby farms. According to the most recent classification of the HA gene (32,33), all avian and human influenza A (H5N1) viruses isolated in Indonesia belong to clade 2.1, which includes 3 well-defined lineages (clades 2.1.1–2.1.3) and a developing lineage termed IDN/6/05-like sublineage. In our study, all 24 viruses isolated during the first surveillance period belonged to the same cluster in clade 2.1.1 (2005 swine group) on the basis of recent HA classification (32,33). The 9 viruses collected during the second surveillance period belonged exclusively to the IDN/6/05-like sublineage, and the 6 remaining viruses collected during the same season were classified into clade 2.1.3; 2006–07 swine (A) and 2006–07 swine (B) groups, represented, respectively, by A/swine/East Java/UT6012/2007 and A/swine/Banten/UT6001/2006. Although no virus was isolated during the third surveillance period, 2008–09, a total of 3 (1%) pigs had neutralizing antibodies against influenza virus A (H5N1). These findings show that although influenza A (H5N1) viruses may not have been extensively circulating in pigs in Indonesia recently, these animals are susceptible to influenza A (H5N1) viruses and can serve as asymptomatic reservoirs for these viruses.
Because the phylogenetic relationships established for the HA gene extended to all viral genes, we conclude that the 3 groups of viruses identified in this survey were likely established independently, suggesting at least 3 separate avian-to-pig episodes of transmission of influenza A (H5N1) viruses during 2005–2009 in Indonesia. Our findings confirm sporadic reports of the susceptibility of pigs to influenza A virus (H5N1) infection in natural (25,26) and experimental settings (23,34) and suggest that when an outbreak of influenza A virus (H5N1) infection occurs on poultry farms, pigs on nearby farms should be evaluated for infection.
We also found evidence of pig-to-pig transmission of influenza A virus (H5N1), particularly among animals sampled during the first surveillance period. Many viruses possessing almost identical genes were isolated from pigs on the same farms (Tables 1, 2). Pig-to-pig transmission would likely prolong the duration of influenza A (H5N1) virus infection within a pig population, thereby increasing the likelihood of adaptation and the subsequent generation of influenza A (H5N1) viruses that replicate efficiently in humans.
Our analysis of viral receptor specificities showed that 1 plaque-purified clone of A/swine/Banten/UT3062/2005 bound to avian-type and human-type receptors. Serine at position 134 was responsible for the human-type receptor recognition. This position is located within the 130-loop structural component of the receptor-binding pocket (35). Hence, the amino acid change at this position may affect receptor binding. Because serine at position 134 is never seen in avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses (alanine is highly conserved at this position in avian influenza A [H5N1] viruses), the Ala134Ser mutation probably occurred during adaptation of the virus to pigs. According to a previous report (36), human isolates possessing valine at this position could also bind to the human-type receptor, although a mutation at position 129 (L129V) was also required for the human-type receptor recognition in this strain. Therefore, mutations at position 134 probably correlated with human-type receptor recognition and may serve as molecular markers for assessing the pandemic potential of influenza virus A (H5N1) isolates.
Although influenza virus A (H5N1) infection was not reported among swine workers in Indonesia while we were collecting our pig specimens, a previous cohort study showed that such workers, as well as their unexposed spouses, had increased levels of antibody to swine influenza A (H1N1) viruses (37), suggesting that humans are indeed susceptible to swine-adapted viruses (38). The recent swine-origin pandemic (H1N1) 2009 further demonstrates that pigs can be a potential source of virus capable of causing a human influenza pandemic (24). These findings suggest that as influenza A (H5N1) viruses spread among pigs and adapt to recognize human-type receptors, farmers, swine workers, and their families will be at greatest risk for infection by the newly adapted viruses.
In summary, we found that influenza A (H5N1) viruses have been transmitted multiple times to pig populations in Indonesia and that 1 virus has acquired the ability to recognize human-type receptors. Of particular concern is that pigs infected with influenza A (H5N1) viruses showed no significant influenza-like signs and were likely transported to and from different provinces in Indonesia. On the basis of our findings, we encourage the Indonesian government to control the transport of pigs within Indonesia. Otherwise, opportunities for this avian virus to adapt to mammals will increase, as will the risk for emergence of a new pandemic influenza virus.
Multiyear Surveillance for Avian Influenza Virus in Waterfowl from Wintering Grounds, Texas Coast, USA
Research
Pamela J. Ferro, Christine M. Budke, Markus J. Peterson, Dayna Cox, Emily Roltsch, Todd Merendino,1 Matt Nelson, and Blanca LupianiComments to Author
Author affiliations: Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA (P.J. Ferro, C.M. Budke, M.J. Peterson, D. Cox, E. Roltsch, B. Lupiani); and Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Bay City, Texas, USA (T. Merendino, M. Nelson)
Pamela J. Ferro, Christine M. Budke, Markus J. Peterson, Dayna Cox, Emily Roltsch, Todd Merendino,1 Matt Nelson, and Blanca LupianiComments to Author
Author affiliations: Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA (P.J. Ferro, C.M. Budke, M.J. Peterson, D. Cox, E. Roltsch, B. Lupiani); and Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Bay City, Texas, USA (T. Merendino, M. Nelson)
Abstract
We studied the prevalence of influenza A virus in wintering waterfowl from the Central Flyway on the Gulf Coast of Texas. Of 5,363 hunter-harvested migratory and resident waterfowl and wetland-associated game birds sampled during 3 consecutive hunting seasons (September–January 2006–07, 2007–08, and 2008–09), real-time reverse transcription–PCR detected influenza A matrix sequences in 8.5% of samples, H5 in 0.7%, and H7 in 0.6%. Virus isolation yielded 134 influenza A viruses, including N1–N9, H1–H7, H10, and H11 subtypes. Low-pathogenicity H7 subtype was isolated during January, September, and November 2007 and January 2008; low-pathogenicity H5 subtype was isolated during November and December 2007.
Wild waterfowl, primarily species in the orders Charadriiformes and Anseriformes (1), are natural reservoirs for type A influenza viruses. These viruses, which are occasionally transmitted to other species, including humans, poultry, and swine, result in subclinical to highly pathogenic diseases. Two subtypes (H5 and H7) have been most frequently associated with high pathogenicity in poultry and are of considerable interest to the poultry industry and to researchers who study avian influenza viruses (AIVs) (2–4). The migratory nature of many waterfowl species and the persistence of AIV in them present a potential vehicle for global dissemination of influenza viruses, as well as a constant source of viruses and genetic material for new pandemic strains. Preventing the introduction and adaptation of wild bird–origin AIVs to other susceptible species is an efficient strategy for minimizing the effects of AIV on global health and the global economy (5,6). Thus, surveillance in reservoir species is crucial for identifying viruses and gene pools with interspecies and intraspecies transmission potential.
In North America, migratory birds use 4 major flyways: Pacific, Central, Mississippi, and Atlantic (www.flyways.us). Three flyways (Pacific, Mississippi, and Atlantic) are well represented in the literature that addresses AIV surveillance (summarized in [7]); however, data are limited for the Central Flyway (8–10). Approximately 90% of waterfowl that use the Central Flyway winter in Texas. Of these, ≈10 million ducks and geese winter in wetlands throughout the state, whereas 1–3 million ducks and >1 million geese winter along the Texas Gulf Coast (11). Before the implementation of surveillance programs to detect subtype H5N1 highly pathogenic AIV, few surveillance studies included migratory waterfowl on their wintering grounds or nonmigratory waterfowl during winter, particularly for the Texas–Louisiana Gulf Coast, where most studies were limited to just a few waterfowl species and limited by time of year and number of years studied (8,9,12,13). Although the US Interagency Strategic Plan for the Early Detection of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 has extensively sampled waterfowl across all flyways, the program focuses on detection of subtype H5N1 virus; thus, only information pertaining to this subtype is publicly available (14). To understand the ecology, natural history, and evolution of influenza viruses, long-term surveillance studies are needed, particularly those that investigate waterfowl in understudied areas, such as wintering grounds. Long-term surveillance is even more important in areas where commercial poultry operations and migratory waterfowl stopover or wintering areas overlap (15).
We recently reported AIV prevalence, as determined by real-time reverse transcription–PCR (rRT-PCR) and virus isolation, from a multiyear surveillance project (September 2005–January 2009) of hunter-harvested waterfowl in the Texas mid–Gulf Coast region (16). We found little variation in overall AIV prevalence within or between seasons, except for 1 season (2007–08) when the overall prevalence was higher (16). The objectives of the current study were to 1) determine subtype diversity of AIV in both migratory and resident waterfowl populations (mostly ducks and geese) to which humans may be exposed and 2) compare prevalence and subtype diversity of AIV among species, according to age and sex, focusing on the Texas mid–Gulf Coast region during early fall and winter, which coincides with the regional hunting season.
(more at link)Indonesia: 3 regencies in Bengkulu Province Infected H5N1; 30 Dist. in Bengkulu City
Kamis, 12 Agustus 2010
Bengkulu -- three regencies in the Bengkulu Province terjangkit [infected] bird flu during the last two months with the most point the spreading of the plague of this illness happened in the Bengkulu City. The eradication co-ordinator of the illness of Province bird flu Bengkulu Emran Kuswadi in Bengkulu, on Thursday (12/8), said, three regencies that terjangkit flu burung that was the Kepahiang Regency, Bengkulu Tengah (the Fortress) and the Bengkulu City [Kabupaten Kepahiang, Bengkulu Tengah (Benteng) dan Kota Bengkulu.].
Until this, according to him, thousands of chickens and the duck belonging to the resident in three regencies/the city has been destroyed to prevent the spreading of the virus H5N1. Moreover, around the location of the bird flu outbreak was carried out by spraying disinfektan by the Peternakan Service local routinely in the certain period to turn off the virus in the area in order to not spread to the other place around it. From three regencies that already terjangkit bird flu in two months, the spreading of the plague of most bird flu and was expanded happened in the Bengkulu City because now already 30 districts terjangkit this illness.
The last case was found in the Tanjung Jaya District, Kecamatan Sungai Serut, Kota Bengkulu. In this district was found by 85 chickens died suddenly. However, the sample of the chicken carcass could not be in this district taken because of being buried by his owner and several days afterwards this case was reported to the local village head. "From the report" on the "resident to the local village head was ascertained by the chicken that died suddenly in the Tanjunng Jaya District terjangkit bird flu." By being found by the case of bird flu in Tanjung Jaya, this illness has infected 30 districts in the Bengkulu City, he said.
To anticipate the expansion of this illness attack in the Bengkulu City, his side carried out spraying disinfektan in the area terjangkit twice a week, as well as appealed to the community routinely to clean the chicken coop. With these efforts was hoped the bird flu illness did not spread again in the Bengkulu City. "We were grateful although bird flu has stricken 30 districts in the Bengkulu City, but just one resident that to was expected by bird flu and after undergoing the maintenance in RSU M. Yunus his health improved," he said.
In the meantime, Section Head Peternakan and the Health of the Animal of Provisi Bengkulu Irianto Abdullah appealed to this regional community immediately to report if finding the chicken or the duck that died suddenly so as the chicken carcass could be researched. "I asked if having the kept poultry that died suddenly immediately it was reported to us so as the chicken carcass could be researched to confirm was affected by bird flu or not, if positive we at once took further steps," he said. Therefore, the spreading of this illness could be stopped quickly. He also ask for to the resident to be not directly touching with the affected chicken bird flu because could terjangkit this illness, he said. (Ant/OL-3)
[contact me for link]
Bengkulu -- three regencies in the Bengkulu Province terjangkit [infected] bird flu during the last two months with the most point the spreading of the plague of this illness happened in the Bengkulu City. The eradication co-ordinator of the illness of Province bird flu Bengkulu Emran Kuswadi in Bengkulu, on Thursday (12/8), said, three regencies that terjangkit flu burung that was the Kepahiang Regency, Bengkulu Tengah (the Fortress) and the Bengkulu City [Kabupaten Kepahiang, Bengkulu Tengah (Benteng) dan Kota Bengkulu.].
Until this, according to him, thousands of chickens and the duck belonging to the resident in three regencies/the city has been destroyed to prevent the spreading of the virus H5N1. Moreover, around the location of the bird flu outbreak was carried out by spraying disinfektan by the Peternakan Service local routinely in the certain period to turn off the virus in the area in order to not spread to the other place around it. From three regencies that already terjangkit bird flu in two months, the spreading of the plague of most bird flu and was expanded happened in the Bengkulu City because now already 30 districts terjangkit this illness.
The last case was found in the Tanjung Jaya District, Kecamatan Sungai Serut, Kota Bengkulu. In this district was found by 85 chickens died suddenly. However, the sample of the chicken carcass could not be in this district taken because of being buried by his owner and several days afterwards this case was reported to the local village head. "From the report" on the "resident to the local village head was ascertained by the chicken that died suddenly in the Tanjunng Jaya District terjangkit bird flu." By being found by the case of bird flu in Tanjung Jaya, this illness has infected 30 districts in the Bengkulu City, he said.
To anticipate the expansion of this illness attack in the Bengkulu City, his side carried out spraying disinfektan in the area terjangkit twice a week, as well as appealed to the community routinely to clean the chicken coop. With these efforts was hoped the bird flu illness did not spread again in the Bengkulu City. "We were grateful although bird flu has stricken 30 districts in the Bengkulu City, but just one resident that to was expected by bird flu and after undergoing the maintenance in RSU M. Yunus his health improved," he said.
In the meantime, Section Head Peternakan and the Health of the Animal of Provisi Bengkulu Irianto Abdullah appealed to this regional community immediately to report if finding the chicken or the duck that died suddenly so as the chicken carcass could be researched. "I asked if having the kept poultry that died suddenly immediately it was reported to us so as the chicken carcass could be researched to confirm was affected by bird flu or not, if positive we at once took further steps," he said. Therefore, the spreading of this illness could be stopped quickly. He also ask for to the resident to be not directly touching with the affected chicken bird flu because could terjangkit this illness, he said. (Ant/OL-3)
[contact me for link]
Thursday, August 12, 2010
Commonground Commentary: Sumatra Indonesia
What is going on in Sumatra? Here is what I have:
Bengkulu, Sumatra
August 7th:
18 Villages in Bengkulu City tested positive for bird flu.
http://pandemicinformationnews.blogspot.com/2010/08/18-villages-in-bengkulu-city-ai.html
August 9th:
Total of 54 patients treated in isolaltion rooms. Sym’s of fever.
From SMP2 Junior High School.
Hospital: Dumai
Treated according to SOP for Swine or Bird Flu.
http://pandemicinformationnews.blogspot.com/2010/08/indonesia-dumai-hospital-reaches-57.html
August 10th:
P (19)
From: Lempuing Village
Adm: 8/11
Hospital: RSUD M Yunus
Reconciled: Community Health Ctr w/sym’s high fever, breathless, contact w/poultry died suddenly.
Diagnosis: Negative for H5N1, pneumonia. Improving
Vi (27)
From: Kembang Seri
Adm: 8/11
Hospital: RSUD M Yunus
Diagnosis: Pending
August 12th:
This poultry was spread in five subdistricts :
Taba Penanjung Subdistrict --Taba Penanjung Village.
Merigi Kelindang subdistrict -- Pagar Agung Village,
Kecamatan Talang Empat -- Lagan Village, Kembang Seri and Taba Pasma.
Pagar Jati -- Desa Layang Lekat
Pondok Kelapa - Desa Pasar Pedati dan Kembang Ayun
The breakdown is:
8 locations:
Desa Taba penanjung 21 ekor, Desa Pagar 72 ekor, Desa Kembang Seri 31 Ekor, Desa Kembang Ayun 50 ekor, Desa Lagan 20 ekor, Layang Lekat 70 ekor, Pasar Pedati 30 ekor and Taba Pasma 245 ekor.
2 cases of suspected bird flu:
Ha (37)
Taba Pasma NR (25)
From: Kembang Seri
Adm: Community Center
Tests Pending
So I now have 3 people, from Kembang Seri, reported with bird flu symptoms, and being tested, in 3 days (August 10 - 12th)
As you can see from the map below...I have to the north of Bengkulu, "Dumai". That is where the 54 patients were treated at Dumai Hospital. Also to the north, I have Sawahlunto. I have that marked because of the information below. A suspected bird flu case, that died. No confirmation as of today.
Adm: 7/27
Name: Payanti Yen (24)F
From: Muaro Kalaban Sawahlunto
Hospital: M. Djamil
Recon: 7/24 Sawahlunto
DOD: 7/28
http://pandemicinformationnews.blogspot.com/2010/07/padang-dr-rawat-four-probable-ai.html
Indonesia: Bengkulu: Penanjung Village: 2 Suspected Cases H5N1
| Tempo 15 Day, 304 Poultry Sudden Death | |
|
This poultry was spread in five subdistricts respectively the Taba Penanjung Subdistrict tetapt him in the Taba Penanjung Village. The Merigi Kelindang subdistrict to be precise in the Pagar Agung Village, Kecamatan Talang Empat to be precise in the Lagan Village, Kembang Seri and Taba Pasma. Then, the Fence subdistrict of Teak to be precise in the Layang Lekat Village, as well as Kacematan Pondok Kelapa was in the Pasar Pedati Village and the Ayun Flower. The Disnakkatan head, Durani, S.Pi, said in data collection that was carried out by the Participation Deases Surveylance Response team (PDSR) named 5 positive villages susfect bird flu namely the Taba Penanjung Kecamatan Taba Penanjung Village, Desa Lagan, Taba Pasma, Kembang Seri of the Talang Empat Subdistrict and the Inserted Breaker Pasar Pedati Pondok Kelapa Village. Results rafid test bird flu menhjelaskan 4 villages in the Fortress, susfect bird flu, said Durani.
Said, the plague of this bird flu was expected has plagued to the resident of the Kembang Seri,, Ha (37) and Taba Pasma NR (25). His profit was at once handled by the Puskemas side, so as this sign did not endanger the health of the community and spread to the other resident. Information that we received had two residents who were affected by the sign of bird flu, but could be handled the local Community Health Centre, said Durani. However the resident was asked to continue to be on the alert, to not become the spreading target of this dangerous flu.
In the meantime, the condition 2 patients suspect bird flu till Wednesday (11/8) were still being treated in Isolasi Kemuning RSUD Space M. Yunus continued to improve. Results of the test in the Laboratory of Litbangkes Jakarta against blood and swep the throat liquid of one of the patients, P (19) the resident of the Lempuing District has gone out. Results? The patient was stated by the negative (was not affected) bird flu. "Results" of the "test against blood and swep the P throat liquid already we received, although still took the form of the SMS (the short message through the telephone selular,red) and results" of the "negative." Our decision, the patient contracted the sign of the infection of the lungs (Pneumunia). So not bird flu, said Director RSUD M Yunus Bengkulu Dr. Zulman Zuri Amran through Kasi the Medic's Service Treat Street and Especially Dr.H.Syafriadi,MM to RB in his office yesterday. Revealed by Syafriadi, the patient P sebelu him was stated as suspect bird flu because when being reconciled from the Lempuing Community Health Centre the patient experienced the high fever, breathless and had the story of contact with the poultry that suddenly died. RB observation in the room of his maintenance, P has appeared fresher and has begun to be able to sit ditempat slept. Unlike several days sebelu him that only was rolled over limp ditempat slept. In the meantime, one other patient Vi (27) the resident of the Flower of Seri Talang Empat Bengkulu Tengah (the Fortress), till yesterday still was in the room of his maintenance that was neighbouring with the first patient. According to Syafriadi,
2 rooms of Kemuning Space On the other hand, since spreading him the case of the spreading of extraordinary bird flu that caused the chicken to die suddenly in the Bengkulu City and Bengkulu Tengah (the Fortress), the side RSUD M. Yunus make preparations towards the possibility terinfeksi him the virus H5N1 this to humankind. These preparations covered the medicine, the medical staff, but also the special room was allocated for the affected patient the virus spread this. In this Kemuning Room was provided 2 rooms, respectively 2 beds. "For medicine supplies indeed has been since the case" of "bird flu spread almost all the cities in Indonesia some time set." Whereas the nurse's power will be empowered by the nurse that was in the Kemuning space personally, so as to not have the special nurse only to treat the patient suspect bird flu. For his doctor also was adapted to the requirement for the patient, the example of the child's patient yes had his paediatrician. All that handled the patient will be given special protective clothes, explained Syafriadi. Syafriadi suggested if having the resident who experienced the high fever continually minimal in 2 days, the cough, breathless, pain to the throat, the body was felt limp but also had the story of contact with the chicken died suddenly so that immediately visited the closest community health centre.
WHO: Avian influenza - situation in Egypt - update 36
12 August 2010 -- The Ministry of Health of Egypt has announced a new human case of A(H5N1) avian influenza infection.
The case is a 2 year-old female from Elsalam district, Cairo. She developed symptoms on 2 August, was hospitalized on the same day and received oseltamivir treatment. She is currently under treatment in hospital.
Investigations into the source of infection indicated that the case had exposure to sick and dead poultry.
The case was confirmed by the Egyptian Central Public Health Laboratories, a National Influenza Center of the WHO Global Influenza Surveillance Network (GISN).
Of the 111 laboratory confirmed cases of Avian influenza A(H5N1) reported in Egypt, 35 have been fatal.
Vietnam: PPRS in the South
Thursday, 12/08/2010
At the meeting the Steering Committee for National prevention of avian influenza on 10 / 8, Hoang Van Nam, Acting Director of Animal Health, said changes in PRRS in Southern provinces extremely complex magazine. In the province of Soc Trang, Tien Giang, Long An and Dak Lak PRRS had occurred on a large scale and changes are bad. Other provinces such as Da Nang, Quang Nam, Khanh Hoa, Binh Phuoc, Dong Nai, Hau Giang, Vinh Long and services have also discovered, but new in the area are narrow.
According to the report of the National Steering Committee for Avian Influenza Prevention, up to 9 / 8, to 16 provinces nationwide have blue ear is not over 21 days of Nghe An, Cao Bang and Soc Trang, Tien Giang, Lao PDR Cai, Long An, Binh Duong, Bac Lieu, Quang Nam, Dong Nai, Binh Phuoc, Da Nang, Vinh Long, Khanh Hoa, Dak Lak and Hau Giang.
Animal Husbandry Department representative said before, when outbreaks occurred in the northern state of animals, meat is transported to the South, so the current epidemic is complicated in the South should be direction not to increase during the outbreak situation and meat breeds in southern region were transferred to the north.
At the meeting the Steering Committee for National prevention of avian influenza on 10 / 8, Hoang Van Nam, Acting Director of Animal Health, said changes in PRRS in Southern provinces extremely complex magazine. In the province of Soc Trang, Tien Giang, Long An and Dak Lak PRRS had occurred on a large scale and changes are bad. Other provinces such as Da Nang, Quang Nam, Khanh Hoa, Binh Phuoc, Dong Nai, Hau Giang, Vinh Long and services have also discovered, but new in the area are narrow.
According to the report of the National Steering Committee for Avian Influenza Prevention, up to 9 / 8, to 16 provinces nationwide have blue ear is not over 21 days of Nghe An, Cao Bang and Soc Trang, Tien Giang, Lao PDR Cai, Long An, Binh Duong, Bac Lieu, Quang Nam, Dong Nai, Binh Phuoc, Da Nang, Vinh Long, Khanh Hoa, Dak Lak and Hau Giang.
Animal Husbandry Department representative said before, when outbreaks occurred in the northern state of animals, meat is transported to the South, so the current epidemic is complicated in the South should be direction not to increase during the outbreak situation and meat breeds in southern region were transferred to the north.
Jambi Province Indonesia: Chickens Die within Hour
Rabu, 11 Agustus 2010 10:59
Hundreds of tails of the chicken livestock belonging to the resident in Kab Sarolangun in a last week died suddenly. The worried resident of this incident as a result of the plague of bird flu. The number of chicken livestock that died made the owner of the livestock and the other resident of panic. Why not, the chicken that was maintained from small knew-knew has died instantly without leaving the scar or being sick. Including being experienced by Ucok (4.8) the resident Simpang Raya, Sarolangun. To this Daily he said, his kept chicken has died a pen in stages without being preceeded was sick. Not that, his neighbouring chicken then also died a pen.
My chicken livestock approximately 50 tails in three pens that were surrounded the fence. All of them have died in stages. In a day-overnight could die reached 4 tails, obviously Ucok. Not that, he said again, his next neighbouring chicken that only across the road, also died a pen without remaining one tail then. I was surprised, what was his illness. How come the chicken died suddenly in the calculation of the hour without being preceded was sick for days, he complained. In the meantime, Kadis Perikanan and Sarolangun Livestock Breeding, Sakwan, to this Daily admitted to receiving information that in Bengkulu and Curup also experienced the same thing, that is thousands of the resident's chickens died suddenly in the calculation of the hour. In Bengkulu and Curup also the resident's chicken died suddenly as far as thousands of tails. In Sarolangun, I will drop the team off to check definitely the cause of the death of the resident's chicken, obviously him, yesterday. However, according to his estimate, the death of the resident's chicken was strong the assumption was resulted in terjangkit by the Bird Flu virus that previously could be busy.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)